Mene ne fediatrics? Wannan abu ne mai sauki ga mafi yawan mutane, musamman ma wadanda suka tafi dan jariri lokacin da suke yara. Ilimin likita na yara kawai shine reshe na maganin yara, dama?
Wannan gaskiya ne, amma likitoci da suka shiga likitoci sun san cewa yara ba kawai ƙananan ba ne. Yara jarirai, masu yarinya, masu kula da lafiyar yara, har ma matasa suna da bukatunsu da kuma matsaloli daban-daban fiye da manya.
Dalibai na yara suna kula da duk waɗannan bukatun yara daga haihuwa har zuwa shekara 21.
Tarihin Pediatrics
Kodayake likitoci na gargajiya sun riga sun kasance tun lokacin da Hippocrates a Girka ta dā - kuma wataƙila kafin idan ka yi la'akari da ayyukan likita na al'amuran yammacin yammacin - fannin fannin ilimin yara likita ne.
Yaliban likitoci na yau suna da asalin su a cikin kafa Cibiyar Harkokin Pediatric American da Cibiyar Ilimin Harkokin Yara da Amirka. Kamar yadda yake tare da sauran fannonin kiwon lafiya, ƙaura zuwa ƙwararren likitoci sunyi kama da su bayan Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Amurka ta tura ta sake ginawa da sake gyara ilimin likita a farkon karni na 20.
Shugabannin farko a fannin ilimin yara, wadanda ake kira iyaye na yara, sun hada da Drs. Ibrahim Jacobi, Osler, Rotch da Forchheimer.
A hakikanin gaskiya, a cikin bayanin manufofin su game da aikin "Pediatrician's Role in Children's Pediatrics", "Cibiyar Nazarin Pediatric American Academy ta kira Ibrahim Jacobi (1830-1919)" wanda ya kafa horar da yara. " An haife shi kuma a horar da shi a Jamus, sai Jacobi ya zo New York City ya fara yin aiki da kuma koyar da ilmin yara.
Bugu da ƙari, kasancewa mai karfi mai ba da shawara ga nono, Dr. Jacobi ya gargadi cewa matan da ba su da nono ba su bai wa jariran su madarar madara da kuma gabatar da manufar koyar da ɗakin dalibai ba.
Milestones a cikin ilimin likita na yara
Wasu daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka faru a fannin ilmin yara sun hada da:
- Edward Jenner yayi gwaje-gwajen da ya haifar da maganin rigakafi na farko a 1796
- Dr. Eli Ives ya ba da laccoci ga daliban kiwon lafiya a Yale game da cututtuka a yara da wasu batutuwa na kiwon lafiya tsakanin 1813 zuwa 1852
- Biyu daga cikin litattafan farko a cikin littattafan yara sun wallafa a 1825, "Kula da lafiyar yara da likita" da Dr. William Potts Dewees da kuma "Abubuwan Dattijai Game da Cututtuka na Yara" by Dr. George Logan
- Dokta Elizabeth Blackwell ya zama mace ta farko da ta kammala digiri daga makarantar likita ta Amurka a 1849 sannan ta ci gaba da karatu a asibitoci na yara a London, Scotland, da kuma Paris, don dawowa don taimakawa wajen fara Jariri na New York ga mata da yara
- Asibitin yara na Philadelphia an kafa a 1854 kuma ya zama asibiti na farko na Amurka
- Cibiyar Kwalejin Kimiyya ta New York ta fara malaman farfesa na yau da kullum domin cututtuka na yara a 1860
- Louis Pasteur ya ƙera pasteurization a shekara ta 1862, wanda ake amfani da shi a baya don kiyaye madara mai lafiya ta hanyar Franz von Soxhlet a 1886
- Dr. Ibrahim Jacobi yana taimakawa wajen farawa "Jarida na Amurka na Obstetrics da Cututtuka na Mata da Yara" a 1868
- A 1872, Dokta Mary Putnam Jacobi ta kasance mace ta farko ta zama mamba a Cibiyar Kwalejin Medicine. Har ila yau ta bude asibitin yara a New York Infirmary a 1886.
- Dr. Frederick Forchheimer shine likita ne a lokacin da gidan gida na yara masu fama da rashin lafiya a Cincinnati, Ohio, ya buɗe a 1883 - asibiti na farko a cikin Midwest
- An buga fitowar farko na Tarihin Pediatrics a 1884
- Kamfanin Pediatric Society na Amurka ya kafa a 1888, da Dokta Job Lewis Smith, tare da Dokta Ibrahim Jacobi a matsayin shugaban farko, wanda daga bisani ya zama shugaban kungiyar AMA
- Dokta Thomas Morgan Rotch an nada Farfesa Farfesa na Farfesa na Farfesa a Harvard Medical School a 1893
- Dokta Dorothy Reed Mendenhall shine na farko da ya gane cewa cutar Hodgkin ita ce cutar jini kuma ba wata irin tarin fuka ba a shekarar 1901. Daga bisani ta yi kwararren horon likitoci kuma ta yi bincike a kan lafiyar yara game da lafiyar yara a Washington DC, ciki har da da ci gaba da ci gaba da ci gaba da kuma ka'idojin ci gaban yaro.
- Aikin Jarida na Amirka a cikin Yara, wanda AMA ta wallafa, kuma yanzu ana kira "Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine", a cikin Janairu 1911
- Cutar cutar shan-inna fara farawa a Amurka a shekarar 1916
- Sir Edward Mellanby, wani likita a London, ya gano cewa man fetur na hanta zai iya kula da rickets
- Dokta Emily Partridge Bacon ya zama masanin farfesa na farko a Philadelphia (1918). Daga cikin sababbin abubuwan da ta gabatar shine asibitin "jariri".
- Dokta Jessie Boyd Scriver na ɗaya daga cikin mata na fari don karatu da digiri na jami'ar McGill a Montreal, Kanada. Ta zama shugaban kungiyar Kanada ta Pediatric a shekarar 1952, kuma tana da tasiri sosai a kan masu binciken ilimin lissafi a Kanada.
- An gabatar da rigakafin diphtheria a 1923, nan da nan wani maganin rigakafi da aka samu a lokacin yarinya ( vaccin cough ) ya biyo baya a 1926
- Dr. JP Crozier na farko ya wallafa litattafan aikin likitancinsa na "Lafiya na jarirai da yara," wanda ya zama littafin litattafan likitancin Nelson na yau da kullum ana amfani dasu yau
- Alexander Fleming ya gano penicillin a shekarar 1928, kodayake bai kasance ba har zuwa shekarun 1940 da 50s cewa an fara amfani da penicillin a matsayin kwayoyin halitta
- An kafa Cibiyar Harkokin Ilimin Harkokin Ilimin {asar Amirka a ranar 23 ga Yuni, 1930, ta hanyar rukuni na yara 35 a Detroit, Michigan
- Cibiyar Harkokin Ilimin Harkokin Ilimin Harkokin Ilimin {asar Amirka, wa] anda ke da ala} a da Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kiwon Lafiyar {asar Amirka, an kafa shi ne a 1933
- Sakamakon rickets fara farawa kamar yadda madara fara da karfi da bitamin D a 1933
- An wallafa wani binciken da aka kwatanta amfani da benzedrin (wani irin amphetamine) a cikin yara da matsaloli na hali a 1937 da Dokta Charles Bradley
- Dr. Dorothy Hansine Andersen wani likita ne kuma a 1938, ya zama mutum na farko da ya gane cewa cutar cystic fibrosis wata cuta ce. Haka kuma ta taimakawa wajen samar da gwaje-gwaje na farko don taimakawa wajen bincikar CF.
- Hattie Elizabeth Alexander, MD ta kasance dan jarida ne da masanin ilimin halittu a asibitin jarirai (a yanzu asibitin NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital) wanda ya kirkira magani ga Hib meningitis a shekarun 1940 da ya fi tasiri fiye da maganin da suka gabata. Ta kuma gano maganin kwayoyin kwayoyin cuta a kwayoyin cutar Haemophilus influenzae , wani muhimmin abu a wancan lokaci.
- Drs William E. Ladd da Robert E. Gross (wadanda suka yi aikin PDA na farko a shekaru uku da suka wuce) sun wallafa littafi na farko na aikin tiyata a cikin shekara ta 1941, "Abokin ciki na Harkokin Cutar da Ƙananan yara"
- Dokta Norman M. Gregg ya ruwaito kan cutar ciwo ta nakasassu a 1941
- Dr. Helen Taussig da Dokta Alfred Blalock sunyi aiki don bunkasa maganin maganin jinya na yara da Tetralogy of Fallot a 1943
- Dokta RL Jackson da Mrs. HG Kelly sun wallafa suturar da aka yi amfani da su na yara a cikin shekara ta 1944
- An wallafa littafin "Baby da Child Care" na farko na Dokta Benjamin Spock a shekarar 1946
- Shirin na farko na aikin likitan yara yana budewa a filin jirgin ruwa na Chelsea a watan Nuwamban shekarar 1946, kodayake yara na riga sun kasance a cikin rundunar soja da na likitoci, ciki har da fiye da yara 900 a yakin duniya na biyu
- C. Everett Koop, MD ya zama likita a fannin asibiti a asibitin yara na Philadelphia a kusa da 1947
- Martha May Eliot, MD ta zama mace ta farko da za a zaba a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Harkokin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'ar Amirka, kuma an fi sani da "] aya daga cikin manyan likitocin da za su ri} a matsayi na gwamnati a {asar Amirka, a cikin dogon lokaci."
- Batun farko na Pediatrics, an buga mujallar Cibiyar Harkokin Ilimin Harkokin Ilimin Amirka ta 1948
- Wani binciken a shekara ta 1948 ya nuna cewa kashi 58 cikin dari na jarirai ne aka kwashe daga asibitin kafin su kasance kwanaki 8 da kuma 35% aka ba da abinci mai tsanani, 27% aka ciyar daga duka nono da kwalba kuma kimanin kashi 38 cikin dari ne kawai aka haifa.
- Margaret Morgan Lawrence, MD dan jariri ne, kuma shine shi ne mata na farko na Afirka ta Amurka da za a amince da su ta Cibiyar Harkokin Pediatric American da kuma nahiyar Afrika na farko don kammala zama a New York Psychiatric Institute (1948).
- Dokta Roland B. Scott, wanda shine shugaban 'yan makaranta a Jami'ar Howard daga shekara ta 1949 zuwa 1973 kuma ya zama dan Amurka na farko na Amurka na Kamfanin Pediatric Society a shekarar 1952, mai yiwuwa dan jariri ne na farko a cikin Amurka.
- A shekara ta 1949 Dokta Edith M. Lincoln, wanda ke jagorantar asibitin kwakwalwa na yara a Bellevue Hospital Center a birnin New York tun 1922, ya samu nasarar magance yara masu yawa da ciwo da ciwon tarin fuka da kuma tarin fuka, wanda yawanci ya mutu a wannan lokaci.
- An wallafa Littafin Harriet Lane na 1950 a 1950, kuma tsawon lokaci ya zama ziyartar mazaunin yara
- A shekara ta 1951, Dokta Natalia Tanner ya zama dan Amurka na farko na Kwalejin Pediatric American Academy kuma ya "taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta magungunan marasa lafiya da ba su da lafiya ga likitoci da kuma likitoci marasa rinjaye a makarantun likita."
Milestones na yau da kullum a cikin ilmin likita
Bugu da ƙari, irin abubuwan da suka faru a fannin ilimin yara, wasu muhimman abubuwan da suka faru sun hada da:
- Dokta Virginia Apgar, masanin burbushin halittu, ya taso da Apgar Score a shekarar 1952, wadda aka yi amfani da ita wajen jarrabawar amsawar da jariri ya yi a lokacin da aka haife su
- Katherine Dodd, MD ya zama mace ta farko da ta jagoranci a Makarantar Pediatrics a makarantar likita a Amurka a shekarar 1952 - Jami'ar Arkansas Medical Center.
- Dokta Edward Press da Louis Gdalman, wani likita a Chicago, sun fara cibiyar kula da guba ta farko a shekarar 1953, yawancin aikin George M. Wheatley, MD da aikinsa game da lafiyar yara da hadarin yara
- Jonas Salk ya tayar da cutar shan inna a shekarar 1952, kuma an yi amfani da shi don taimakawa wajen kawar da cutar shan inna a Amurka har sai an sami alurar rigakafi na maganin cutar shan inna mai suna Albert Sabin a 1962
- 56 yara ciwon cutar shan inna a 1956 daga cutar maganin cutar shan inna a cikin abin da aka sani da Cutter ya faru
- Wani binciken a 1956 na jarirai a asibiti (yawanci a cikin kwanaki 4 ko 5) yanzu ya nuna cewa kashi 63% ne aka ba da kwalba mai kyau, 16% aka ciyar daga duka nono da kwalba kuma kawai 21% ne kawai aka haifa.
- An kafa La League na La Leche a shekara ta 1956 don inganta shayarwa da kuma sake juyayi don kara yawan abinci
- Dr. Ethel Collins Dunham ya wallafa ka'idodi da shawarwari don kula da lafiyar jariran yara, cikakkun lokaci, da kuma tsufa a shekara ta 1936 kuma a shekara ta 1957 sun karbi mediyar John Howland daga Kamfanin Pediatric American, mafi girman daraja.
- Frances Kelsy, Ph.D. ya katange sayar da thalidomide a Amurka yayin aiki a FDA a shekara ta 1960, da miyagun ƙwayoyi wanda ba da daɗewa ba ya haɗa da lalacewar haihuwa a kasashe fiye da 40 da suka yarda da kwayar barci da aka bai wa mata masu ciki.
- An fara sayar da jaririn jari a farkon shekarun 1960s kuma ya hada da Lactum, Similac, Enfamil, da SMA, wanda ke yin gwagwarmaya tare da jaririn jariri (madara mai yalwa da ruwa da sukari mai kama da Dextri-Maltose) da nono
- Dokta C. Henry Kempe ya wallafa takarda na farko game da zaluntar yara, "Ciwon yaron yara," a 1962, wanda ke taimakawa wajen samar da shirye-shiryen don karewa da zalunta yara
- Ana yin shawarwari don samar da ruwan sha a cikin ruwa mai zurfi a cikin zina tsakanin 0.7 zuwa 1.2 ppm a shekarar 1962
- Dokta Robert Guthrie ta taso da gwajin Guthrie don yada jariri don phenylketonuria ( PKU ) a 1963
- Dokta Dilip Mahalanabis ya kirkiro saitunansa na maganin rehydration na maganin magance marasa lafiya da cututtuka a Calcutta, India a 1966
- Dokta Dr. Forrest Bird ya kirkiro Baby Bird a shekarar 1970, ƙaddarar farko da aka samar, low cost, pediatric ventilator, bayan da ya ƙirƙira wasu daga cikin masu kwakwalwa na lantarki na farko a cikin shekarun 1950 da 60s.
- Nestle ta kauracewa farawa ne a 1977 don nuna rashin amincewa da kamfanonin tallafawa tsarin jaririn a kasashe masu tasowa, wanda ya haifar da rage yawan adadin nono da ƙananan mata masu mutuwa, musamman saboda rashin ruwan sha mai kyau a wadannan ƙasashe
- Kwamitin Tsaro na Kasuwancin ya hana cin kofin zane a gidaje a shekarar 1978
- An gane Autism ne a matsayin rashin lafiya a cikin DSM-III a shekara ta 1980, ko da yake ana nuna alamomi da halin da ake ciki a farkon 1911
- Akwai lokuta 8,000 zuwa 10,000 na Hib meningitis a Amurka a kowace shekara a farkon shekarun 1980, wanda ya kai rayuka 240 zuwa 770 a yara, da kuma karin karin mutum 6,000 na sauran cututtuka masu tsanani waɗanda cutar Hib ta haifar, ciki har da epiglottitis, ciwon huhu, cellulitis, da kuma kwayar cutar
- An tsara shirye shiryen rigakafin yara a 1983 da 4 alurar riga kafi (DTP, OPV, MMR, Td)
- An riga an bada maganin rigakafi na Hib ga dukan yara masu shekaru 18 zuwa 59 a 1988 kuma daga bisani an fadada su ga dukkan jariran da suka fara a watanni 2 a 1990
- Komawa ga yakin barci yana taimakawa wajen rage hadarin SIDS.
- Kodayake an fara sannu a hankali daga farkon 1973, ba a 1996 ba har sai an haramta sayar da man fetur a Amurka.
- A 1986, Dokta Mayilyn Hughes Gaston ya wallafa wata nazari a cikin ƙasa ya tabbatar da tasiri na penicillin don hana cututtuka a cikin yara masu fama da ciwon sikila, wanda ya nuna cewa dukkan jarirai ya kamata a kula da cutar sikila.
- A shekara ta 1997, yawan adadin wadanda aka yi sanadiyar cutar Ebola sun ƙi 99%
- Yawancin jihohi da yawa sun fara fadada shirye-shiryen jarrabawar yara don nuna nauyin yanayi 25 zuwa 40 ko fiye da shekara ta 2004, suna maida martani ga matsalolin jama'a don yin amfani da fasaha irin na zamani da suka kasance tun daga 1996
- CDC ta sake nazari a 2007 wanda ya yi rahoton autism a cikin iyakar 1 a 150 yara
- Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya ta sanar da farautar annobar cutar H1N1 ta 2009 a ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2009
- Cerarix, maganin alurar rigakafi da HPV, an amince da ita a shekara ta 2009, kuma ya shiga Gardasil (wani maganin rigakafi na HPV) a kan maganin alurar rigakafi don kare yara daga jerin sunadaran cutar cututtuka, ciki har da ciwon kaji (Varivax), cutar pneumococcal (Prevnar 13) , rotavirus (Rotateq da Rotarix), cututtuka na meningococcal (Menactra), da kuma hepatitis A, wanda aka riga an yarda da maganin alurar riga kafi tun lokacin da aka rigaya ya kamu da ciwon ciwon hasara ne a 1994.
- Magunguna masu ciwon sukari guda hudu sun zama samuwa don kakar bara na shekara ta 2013-14. Wadannan sabon maganin alurar rigakafi suna samar da kariya daga nau'i hudu na mura.
- An amince da HPV 9 a shekarar 2014.
- An tabbatar da maganin rigakafi maza biyu a cikin shekara ta 2014.
Kasancewa dan likita
Bayan kwaleji, daliban da suke sha'awar zama dan jariri suna daukar MCAT sannan su halarci ɗayan makarantar likita 125 ko makarantun likita 20 na likita don zama likita a farko.
Bayan shekaru hudu na makarantar likita, shekaru uku na zama na 'yan makaranta zai shirya maka aiki a fannin ilmin likita.
Ƙwararren likita
Bugu da ƙari, na likitaccen yara, 'yan makaranta za su iya zaɓar su ƙware a cikin wasu fannoni, ciki har da:
- Magungunan Yara
- Ilimin likitancin yara na Gastroenterology
- Ilimin likita na yara
- Ilimin Harkokin Ilimin Harkokin Yara da Ilimin Harkokin Yara
- Yara Abokan
- Kwayar cututtukan yara na yara
- Ilimin likita na yara na likita
- Medicine Neonatal-Perinatal
- Ci gaban ilimin likita na yara
- Kwararren likitancin Nassosi
- Medicine na gaggawa Medicine
- Pediatric Pulmonology
- Ilimin likita na yara
- Ilimin Harkokin Jima'i
Sauran kwararrun likitocin yara, kamar likita na likita, likitoci na likitoci, ko likitoci na likitoci, da dai sauransu, ba lallai ba ne likitoci, ko da yake, kuma a maimakon haka, suna horar da su a fannonin su, sannan kuma ƙarin horar da yara.
> Sources:
> Harkokin Kasuwancin Ilimin Harkokin Ilimin Harkokin Yara na Amirka. Harkokin Pediatrician a Matasan Ilimin Harkokin Yara. Harkokin lafiyar yara Vol. 115 Nu. 4 Afrilu 2005, shafi na 1092-1094.
> Cibiyar Harkokin Ilimin Harkokin Ilmin Amirka. Aminiya na Amirka: Milestones a Millennium. Tarihin Shawarar Tarihin Tarihi. Ilimin yara na yara 2001; 107; 1482-1491
> CDC. Harkokin Rigakafi na yau da kullum na Harkokin Sakandare na Haemophilus influenzae > Rubuta b Ƙari >. MMWR. Disamba 24, 1982/31 (50); 672-674,679-680.
> Charles W. Callahan. Tarihin Harkokin Yara da Harkokin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a: Shekaru arba'in na Harkokin Ilimi da Harkokin Ilmin Yara da Yarinya. Harkokin lafiyar yara Vol. 103 A'a. 6 Yuni 1999, shafi na 1298-1303.
> Edmund C. Burke. Ibrahim Jacobi, MD: Mutumin da Kyautarsa. Pediatrics, Feb 1998; 101: 309 - 312.
> Herman F. Meyer. BABI NA BUGA A CIKIN ƘATUWA: ƘARANTA DA KUMA KASHI: A Rubuce-rubuce na asibitoci 1,904 da Haihuwa na Biyu da Biliyan a 1956. Pediatrics, Jul 1958; 22: 116 - 121.
> Katherine Bain. Abinda ke ciki na nono ciyar da asibitoci a Amurka. Pediatrics, Sep 1948; 2: 313 - 320.
> Robert C. Brownlee, MD. Tarihin lafiyar yara. Cibiyar Harkokin Ilimin Harkokin Ilmin Amirka na Asali: Asali da Tarihi na Farko. Pediatrics, Nov 1994; 94: 732 - 735.
> Mata a cikin Lafiya da Ilimin Harkokin Kiwon Lafiya: Tarihin Tarihi. Pediatrics, Apr 1983; 71: 681 - 687