Tarihi, Ayyuka da Halin
Down syndrome ne yanayin rashin lafiya da ya haifar da karin samfurori. Kasancewa da wani karin lambobi 21 wanda ya haifar da siffofi na musamman, siffofi na jiki da kuma rashin lafiyar da aka gani a cikin mutane da Down syndrome. Yayinda mutane da ciwon Down yana da wasu halaye na kowa, yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa kowane mutum tare da Down syndrome ne mutum mai karfi da rauni.
Don fahimtar abin da ake nufi da samun karin samfurori, yana taimakawa wajen samun wasu bayanai game da chromosomes.
Chromosomes
Chromosomes sune kwakwalwa na bayanan kwayoyin da ake samu a kowane kwayar jikin mutum. Mafi yawancin mutane suna da 46 kwakwalwa da aka shirya a nau'i-nau'i don nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i 23 na chromosomes. Akwai nau'i ashirin da biyu daga abin da ake kira autosomes kuma daya daga cikin jima'i na chromosomes. Mata suna da X X-chromosomes kuma maza suna da X da Y yuɗuwa. Mutane tare da Down syndrome suna da karin lamba 21 ƙwayoyin cuta - yanayin da ake kira trisomy 21. Maimakon 46 chromosomes , suna da 47. Samun uku daga cikin kwayoyin halitta a kan chromosome 21 shine abin da ke haifar da ciwo Down.
Down Ciwon Tarihi
Mista John Langdon Down ya fara bayyana ciwon zuciya a shekarar 1866. Ya kasance likita a Ingila da ke da sha'awar tuntuɓe. Yayin da ya kasance na farko da ya bayyana wasu halaye na musamman na mutanen da ke fama da Down syndrome, ba a gano cewa cutar Down syndrome ba, har zuwa 1959, ya gano Dr. Chrome-Lejeune wanda yake nazarin chromosomes (wani kwararru da ake kira cytogenetics).
Ana iya ganin kwayoyin chromosomes a ƙarƙashin kwayar halitta kuma Dr. Lejeune shine farkon ganin 47 chromosomes a cikin sel na mutum tare da Down syndrome maimakon 46.
Hanyoyi masu ciwo na ƙasa
Yayinda kowane mutum tare da Down syndrome na musamman kuma babu wani mutum tare da Down syndrome zai sami dukkan alamu da alamun bayyanar Down syndrome , wani bayyani na ainihi zai iya ba ka ilimin da kake buƙatar zama mai kwakwalwa a kula da ɗanka.
Fuskar fuska da jiki
Mutanen da ke fama da Down syndrome suna da wasu siffofi daban-daban wanda ya sa su yi kama da juna, da kuma iyalansu. Zasu iya samun idon almond wadanda suka hada da launin fatar jiki, launuka masu launin haske a idanunsu da ake kira Brushfield spots, ƙananan ƙananan hanci, ƙananan baki tare da harshe mai haɗari, da ƙananan kunnuwa. Har ila yau, suna da fuskoki da fuskoki da farfadowa na fatar jiki.
Sauran siffofin jiki da aka gani a cikin mutanen da ke ciwo da Down sun hada da ƙwayar guda ɗaya a fadin hannayensu, ƙananan yatsun da yatsunsu na biyar wanda ke cikin ciki da ake kira clinodactyly. Bã su da ƙarami babba wanda yake da ɗan laushi a baya (brachycephaly), da kuma gashin gashi wanda yake da kyau da kuma bakin ciki. Gaba ɗaya, suna da ɗan gajeren jiki tare da gajerun ƙananan kuma zasu iya samun girma fiye da yanayi na al'ada tsakanin manyan yatsun kafa.
Matsalar Lafiya
Yara da ciwo na Down sun kasance mafi haɗari don ƙaddamar da wasu matsaloli na likita. Duk da yake mafi yawan mutanen da ke fama da ciwon Down ba su da matsaloli mai tsanani, yana da kyau a san matsalolin matsalolin da za a iya samun magani mai kyau a farkon kafin matsaloli masu tsanani suka tashi.
Kusan dukkan jarirai da Down syndrome suna da ƙananan sautin da ake kira hypotonia. Wannan yana nufin cewa tsokoki suna da rauni sosai kuma suna bayyana floppy. Duk da yake wannan ba matsalar lafiya bane, yana da muhimmanci saboda ƙwayar tsoka zai iya rinjayar ɗan yaro da ƙwayar Down syndrome don koyi da girma. Ba a iya warkewa hypotonia amma yakan inganta a tsawon lokaci.
Har ila yau, hypotonia zai iya haifar da wasu matsalolin ko maganin ƙetare irin wannan a lokacin rashin lafiyar da wasu mutane da Down syndrome zasu iya yi.
Yawancin yara tare da Down syndrome za su sami wasu nau'i na matsalar hangen nesa irin su farfadowa, hangen nesa, kullun idanu kuma har ma ya katange hanyoyi hawaye.
Kimanin kashi 40 cikin 100 na jarirai da Down syndrome suna haifa tare da lahani na zuciya wanda zai iya kasancewa daga m zuwa mai tsanani. Yanayin tsakanin 40 zuwa 60% na jarirai da Down syndrome za su sami wasu nau'i na sauraron ji. Sauran matsalolin da aka gani ba da yawa sun haɗa da lahani na gastrointestinal, matsalolin thyroid da sosai da cutar sankarar bargo.
Madawar rashin lafiya
Dukkan waɗanda ke tare da ciwo na Down suna da wani nau'i na rashin lafiyar hankali. Suna koyon sannu a hankali kuma suna da matsala tare da tunani mai mahimmanci da hukunci, amma suna da damar koya. Ba shi yiwuwa a hango ƙimar rashin lafiyar hankali a cikin jariri tare da Down syndrome a lokacin haihuwar (kamar yadda ba zai yiwu a yi la'akari da IQ na kowane jariri ba a lokacin haihuwar).
Yana da mahimmanci cewa jariri da mutanen da ke ciwo da Down yana karɓar tallafi, jagoranci, ilimi da kuma maganin da ya dace da su don haɓaka halayensu da kuma ƙyale su suyi rayuwa mai kyau.
Sources
Cray-Gunderson, K., Yara da Ciwo na Down - A Sabon Iyaye , Gidan Woodbine, 1995.
Chen, H., Down syndrome, Emedicine , 2007