Kowace shekara, Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka na Cututtuka (CDC) ke ba da rahotanni game da manyan dalilai na mutuwar a Amurka , duka sakamakon cutar da sauran ƙirar aiki ko rashin ganganci. A mafi yawancin, matsalolin sun bambanta kadan a cikin shekarun da suka wuce, wanda aka tattara bayanai daga wacce takardun shaida na mutuwa suka bayar da likitoci, masu binciken coroners, masu gudanarwa na jana'izar, da masu nazarin kiwon lafiya.
Duk da haka, nazarin shekara ta 2016 daga Jami'ar Johns Hopkins ya jefa abincin a kunnen shi ta hanyar nuna cewa samfurin CDC ba kawai yana da iyakancewa ba amma yana da mummunan ƙwarewa a iya iya tantancewa ko kuma gane mahimmancin kuskuren lafiya don haifar da mutuwa.
Ta hanyar gwada kasa, yawan halayyar mutuwa da rashin lafiya da adadin shigarwar asibitin, masu binciken sun iya cewa kusan kashi 10 cikin dari na mutuwar a Amurka sun kasance sakamakon rashin lafiya.
Idan daidai, wannan zai sanya kuskuren likita a matsayin matsayi na uku na mutuwa a Amurka, da nisa da maye gurbin shanyewar jiki, hadari, Alzheimer, ko kuma cutar huhu.
Nazarin ya Bayyana Shafuka a Yadda Mutuwa Mutuwa Ya Kashe
A cikin nazarin binciken su, ƙungiyar Johns Hopkins ta lura cewa al'adun gargajiya na tattara yawan kididdigar mutuwa ya dogara ne a tsarin tsarin da aka fara tsara don inshora da lissafin kiwon lafiya, ba bincike na annoba ba.
Wannan lambar, wanda aka kira Cibiyar Kayan Ƙasa ta Duniya (ICD) , ta Amurka ta karɓa a shekarar 1949, kuma Cibiyar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta tsara ta yau a Geneva. An tsara tsarin ICD don tsara yanayin kiwon lafiyar musamman ga lambar da ta dace, bayan haka ƙarin lambobin alphanumeric zai iya samar da hankali ga wasu alamun cututtuka, haddasawa, yanayi, da sauran abubuwan da ba su da haɗari.
Yayinda Amurka (kamar Kanada da Australia) sun bunkasa yadda ya dace da lambar ICD , tsarin yana cigaba da žasa ko žasa kamar wadanda aka yi amfani da bincike na wariyar duniya. Wadannan ka'idoji ne da likitoci za su yi amfani da su don rarraba abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa, wanda CDC zai karu don rahotonta na shekara-shekara.
Dangane da ƙaddamarwar ICD, CDC ta yi rahoton cewa abubuwan da suka haifar da kisa guda 10 na mutuwa a shekara ta 2014 sune:
- Ciwon zuciya: 614,348
- Ciwon daji: 591,699
- Kwanan ƙananan cututtuka na numfashi: 147,101
- Cutar ( cututtuka ba tare da damu ba) : 136,053
- Cutar (cututtuka na cerebrovascular): 133,103
- Alzheimer cutar : 93,541
- Ciwon sukari: 76,488
- Rigaka da ciwon huhu: 55,227
- Nasritis, ciwon nephrotic, da kuma nephrosis (cutar koda): 48,146
- Rashin ciwo kansa (kashe kansa): 42,773
Ƙarya, in ji masu bincike, shine lambobin ICD da aka yi amfani da su a kan takardun shaida na mutuwa ba su ƙyale kuskuren kiwon lafiya a matsayin wata hanyar raba da / ko ta musamman. Wannan shi ne yafi dacewa da cewa an cire ICD a lokacin da aka gano magunguna ko asibiti a cikin aikin likita kuma, sakamakon haka, an cire shi ba tare da gangan ba daga rahoton kasa.
Gaskiyar cewa tsarin bai canza ba-kuma ya ci gaba da tantance lambobin lissafin kudi don bincike-binciken kididdiga - zamu ba da damar mu ba kawai gano amma rage yawan mutuwar da aka danganci kuskuren likita ba.
Binciken Nazarin Mutuwar Mutuwa
Mutuwa da aka haifar da kuskuren kiwon lafiya ba sabon batu ba ne, wanda kawai yake da wuyar ƙididdigewa. A 1999, rahoto daga Cibiyar Nazarin Medicine (IOM) ta yi muhawara a yayin da ta kammala cewa kuskuren lafiya yana da alhaki tsakanin mutane 44,000 da 98,000 a Amurka kowace shekara.
Da yawa daga cikin bincike sun nuna cewa lambobin IOM sun ragu kuma cewa ainihin adadi ya kai wani wuri a tsakanin 130,000 da mutuwar 575,000 mai ban mamaki. Wadannan lambobi sunyi jayayya da yawa kamar yadda yake kasancewa a cikin ma'anar "kuskuren kiwon lafiya" ko kuma kunkuntar.
A cikin martani, masu bincike na Johns Hopkins sun yanke shawara su dauki wata hanya dabam ta farko ta bayyana "kuskuren lafiya" a matsayin ɗaya ko fiye da haka:
- Ayyukan da ba a damu ba (ko dai sakamakon sakamakon sakawa ko aiki)
- Wani aiki wanda ba ya cimma sakamakon da aka yi
- Rashin gazawar aikin da aka tsara (ɓataccen kisa)
- Yin amfani da kuskuren shirin cimma wani sakamako (kuskuren shiryawa)
- Ƙarawa daga tsarin kulawa wanda zai iya zama ko ba zai iya cutar ba
Bisa ga ma'anar wannan ma'anar, masu bincike sun iya rarraba halaye masu yawa, masu mutuwa a tsakanin 2000 zuwa 2008 daga Ma'aikatar Lafiya na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Kiwon Lafiya ta Amurka. An yi amfani da waɗannan adadi don kimanta yawan mutuwar shekara-shekara a cikin rashin lafiya, ana amfani da lambobin zuwa ga dukkanin asibitocin Amurka a shekarar 2013.
Bisa ga wannan tsari, masu bincike sun iya cewa cewa daga cikin asibitoci 35,416,020 da aka rubuta a shekara ta 2013, mutuwar 251,141 ya faru ne sakamakon kuskuren likita.
Wannan shine fiye da 100,000 fiye da ciwon rashin lafiyar nakasar (# 3 dalilin mutuwar) da kuma sau biyu sau ɗaya na wata hatsari (# 4) ko bugun jini (# 5).
Nazarin ya sa muhawara tsakanin ma'aikatan lafiya
Duk da yake masu bincike sun yi sauri su nuna cewa kurakuran likita ba su da wata matsala ko kuma nuna ka'idar doka, sun yi imanin cewa suna bada garanti mafi girma bincike idan dai su nuna mahimmancin matsalolin da ke haifar da mutuwa. Wadannan sun hada da kulawa mara kyau a tsakanin masu samar da kiwon lafiya, cibiyoyin inshora na ƙwararru, rashin ko amfani da ayyukan aminci da ladabi, da kuma rashin lissafi don bambancin aiki.
Mutane da yawa a cikin likita ba su da sauri don yarda. A wasu lokuta, ainihin ma'anar "kuskuren kiwon lafiya" ya yi tashe-tashen hankula kamar yadda ya kasa rarraba tsakanin kuskuren shari'a da sakamako wanda ba a yanke shawara ba. Wannan shi ne ainihin gaskiya idan ya shafi rikitarwa na tiyata ko ayyukan da aka dauka a marasa lafiya da cutar ta ƙarshe. A cikin wani hali ba za'a iya la'akari da kuskuren likita a matsayin babban dalilin mutuwa ba, yawancin jayayya.
Sauran, a halin yanzu, sun yi imanin cewa irin wannan lalacewar a cikin rahoton na IOM ya ba da rahoton binciken binciken na Hopkins, inda aka sanya nauyin shari'ar a kan likita fiye da yadda za a zabi salon rayuwa wanda hakan ya haifar da haɗarin mutuwa (ciki har da shan taba, cin nama, shan giya, ko zaune a salon zama).
Duk da haka, duk da yadda ake ta muhawara game da gaskiyar rahoton Hopkins, mafi yawan sun yarda cewa an inganta ingantaccen da kuma rarraba kurakuran likitanci a cikin yanayin nazari na kasa. Ta hanyar gano waɗannan ƙananan ƙananan, an yi imanin cewa yawan mutuwar da aka danganta ga kuskuren likita za a iya ragu sosai a tsakanin masu aiki da kuma a cikin tsari.
> Sources:
> Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka (CDC). " Lafiya, Amurka, 2015 : Shiga na 19." 2015; Atlanta, Jojiya; Littafin Ƙungiyar Congress 76-641496; 107-110.
> Makary, M. da Daniel, M. "Kuskuren lafiya - matsayi na uku na mutuwa a Amurka." Jarida ta asibiti na Birtaniya. Mayu 3, 2016; 353: i2139.
> Landrigan, C .; Parry, G .; Kasusuwa, C; et al. "Yanayin lalacewa a cikin yawan nauyin cutar da ke fama da cutar." New England Journal of Medicine. 2010; 363: 2124-2134.