Ƙananan gabobin kamar zuciya da ƙirji sun bambanta sosai
Nauyin gwargwadon abu ne mai mahimmanci. Akwai dalilai masu yawa - ciki har da nauyin jiki, tsawo, tsinkayyar jiki da kuma tsere - wanda ya haifar da nauyin kwayoyin halitta don bambanta. Don gano adadi mafi dacewa don nauyin kaya, ana bukatar karin bayanai da yawa. Bugu da ƙari kuma, wannan bayanin yana bukatar ya zo daga mutane daban-daban. Yanzu, irin waɗannan bayanai ba a tattara su ba.
Gwargwadon bishiyoyi da aka yi amfani da su don yin la'akari da bukatar su fito ne daga tsauraran ƙwayoyin cuta, wadanda ake yin su a lokuta masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, kwatsam, ko kuma cututtuka inda sassan jikin mutum ya mutu. Kwayoyin da ke fama da cututtukan da aka yi bincike a lokacin asibitoci, duk da haka, bai kamata a yi amfani da ita don ƙayyade dabi'u ba saboda cutar ta iya rinjayar nauyin kwaya. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ƙididdigar da aka yi a cikin ƙwallon ƙafa yana ƙaddamarwa, ba masu ba da damar samun damar yin nazari da nauyin kwayoyin halitta.
Ko da yake an yi amfani da shi a cikin talauci, an yi amfani da nauyin nauyin kwayoyin da kuma girman yawan masu kula da lafiyar jiki don sanin dalilin mutuwar da cututtuka da kuma jagorantar wasu jiyya.
Lissafi
A shekara ta 2001, mai bincike Grandmaison da mawallafin marubucin Faransa sun wallafa wani takarda a cikin binciken kimiyya na Forensic Science International wanda yayi nazari akan nauyin kwayoyin daga 684 autopsies da aka yi akan fata tsakanin 1987 da 1991.
Binciken da wannan binciken yake da shi tare da wasu nazarin aikin nauyin kwayoyin halitta, da rashin bincike game da batun gaba ɗaya, ya sanya shi a matsayin tushen asali don ƙididdige nauyin kwayoyin.
Bisa ga sakamakon wannan binciken, wadannan sune mahimman nauyin ma'auni da jeri ga maza da mata:
Organ | Matsakaicin Aiki a Men (Girma) | Range a Men (grams) | Matsakaicin Matsakaici a Mata (Gramma) | Range a Mata (grams) |
Zuciya | 365 | 90-630 | 312 | 174-590 |
Hudu | 1677 | 670-2900 | 1475 | 508-3081 |
Pancreas | 144 | 65-243 | 122 | 60-250 |
Wutsiyar dama | 663 | 200-1593 | 546 | 173-1700 |
Hagu na hagu | 583 | 206-1718 | 467 | 178-1350 |
Dama koda | 162 | 53-320 | 135 | 45-360 |
Hawan hagu | 160 | 50-410 | 136 | 40-300 |
Spleen | 156 | 30-580 | 140 | 33-481 |
Thyroid | 25 | 12-87 | 20 | 5-68 |
Har ila yau, waɗannan dabi'u basu da daidaituwa kuma ba za a iya amfani da su ba ta atomatik ga dukan mutane a yawancin jama'a. Na farko, kwayoyin da aka tantance a cikin wannan binciken sun fito ne kawai daga fata kuma bincike ya nuna cewa nauyin kwayoyin halitta sun bambanta da tseren. Musamman, bincike ya nuna cewa baƙar fata yana da ƙananan gabobin a matsakaici. Abu na biyu, kodayake mutane suna canzawa a hankali sosai a tsawon lokaci, sakamakon wannan bincike ya riga ya rigaya.
Gwargwadon Nauyin Halitta: Mene Ne Ya Yi Sauƙi?
A cikin tsarki mafi mahimmanci, "boobs" ko ƙirjin ba wata kwayar ta ba ne, amma tarin mammary gland da mammary nama mai. Duk da haka, ƙirjin suna bambancin jiki daga sauran jikin da cewa likitocin likita da yawa waɗanda suka kware a cikin tiyata suna daukar "sassan kwayoyin halitta."
A wani labarin da aka ambata a cikin littafin da ake kira "Ƙarƙashin ƙananan ƙwayar jiki da nauyin jiki ga jiki mai laushi a cikin mata," masu bincike sun nuna cewa (bisa ga kodayarsu) ƙirjin mata yana kimanin kashi 3.5 cikin dari na nauyin kitsen jiki. Duk da haka, girman samfurin wannan nazarin ƙananan ne kuma sakamakon yana da ɗan lokaci.
A cewar wannan ma'anar, mutumin da yake ɗauke da nau'in kilo 40 na jiki duka yana da ƙirjin cewa kimanin 1.4 fam ne.
"Nauyin nono yana da matukar canji," in ji Dokta Bradford Hsu, wani likitan kwakwalwa mai kula da lafiyar jiki a Chula Vista, California.
"Dangane da shekaru da ci gaba da mutumin da yake ciki, duka ƙirjin da aka haɗa zasu iya auna kusan 100 grams ko har zuwa hudu ko biyar kilo."
Bugu da ƙari, tarihin tarihi ya canza a cikin abun ciki na ƙirji yana iya shawo kan nauyin nono. "Idan wani yana da yawancin cututtukan fibrocystic ," in ji Dokta Patricia Allenby, masanin ilimin likita a Jami'ar Jihar Ohio, "ƙirjin zai zama mafi nauyi fiye da idan ya fi girma. Ya danganta da yawancin nama-kuma mai mai nauyi ne ƙwarai. "
Duk da haka, sakamakon fibrocystic, adenomatous, ko tumoigenic canzawa akan nauyin nono yana dangi ne.
"Idan kana da karami, ƙwallon ƙwallon golf a cikin ƙananan nono," inji Hsu, "wannan ciwon yana ɗauke da nono fiye da shi a wanda ke da babban nono. A cikin mutum daya, wannan ƙwayar zata iya wakiltar kashi uku na ƙwaƙwalwar ƙirjinta, kuma a cikin wani mutum, wannan ƙwayar zata iya wakiltar kasa da kashi daya cikin 100 na jikinta. "
Baya ga cutar, wani muhimmin mahimmanci da ke shafar ƙirjin nono shine rage cin abinci da motsa jiki. Lokacin da mutane suka rasa nauyi, sun fifita yin hakan. Alal misali, idan mace mai laushi ya rasa nauyi, to har yanzu tana riƙe da nauyin siffar sa amma a karami. Tana zama mai karami. Mata ba wai kawai rasa girman nauyin nauyin jiki daga wani sashi na jiki - kamar ƙirji - bayan cin abinci da motsa jiki. Mace mai hasara mai mahimmanci ko "ragewar wuri" ba shi yiwuwa.
Mace da ta rasa nauyin ba zata sami kwarewa a cikin ƙwayar nono ba. Her ƙirjinta zai dace da sabon nauyinsa kuma a daidai da sauran jikinta ... duk abin da zai zama karami . A wani bayanin da aka danganta, kamar yadda yake tare da ƙirjinsu, mutane sun rasa adadin nauyin nauyin nauyin kullun yayin da suke mutuwa.
Height, Weight, Lean Mass Body, & BMI
Bincike ya nuna cewa mutanen da suka fi tsayi, sun fi yawa (suna da BMI mafi girma), kuma suna da ƙwayar jikin jiki na iya samun gabobin jiki. Daga cikin wadannan dalilai, wasu bincike sun nuna cewa tsawo zai iya dacewa da mafi yawan nauyin kaya; mutane da yawa suna da gabobin da suke yin la'akari kuma sun fi girma girma.
Zuciya na zuciya zai iya zama BMI mafi rinjaye, tare da mutane masu girma da yawa suna da zuciya mai yawa.
Abin sha'awa, nauyin nauyin thyroid yana da kadan ya yi tare da tsawo, nauyi, da tsinkaya jiki. Maimakon haka, nauyin nauyin thyroid na iya zama mafi rinjaye da abincin maiin. A cikin yankunan da mafiya yawan mata ke cin abinci mai yawa a cikin abincin su, nauyin nauyin nauyin ku a yawanci ya fada a cikin wata hanya mai kyau ga dukan mata.
Shekaru da jima'i sun shafi nauyin hawan. A matsakaici, mata suna da ƙananan jiki fiye da maza. Bugu da ƙari kuma, kamar yadda aka sa jiki a jikin jiki, nauyin kaya yana karuwa da shekaru. Abubuwan da suka rage shekarun a cikin nauyin kwayar halitta sune sananne ne a cikin kwakwalwar kwakwalwa. A wasu kalmomi, kwakwalwar mutum zai karami yayin da suka tsufa, wanda shine tsari na halitta. A kan bayanin da aka ba da labarin, ƙwaƙwalwar kwakwalwa ba ta da kome da hankali; da ciwon babban kwakwalwa baya sa wani ya fi kyau.
Sakamako daga nazarin 1994 da aka wallafa a Der Pathologe - kuma ya dogara da fiye da 8000 autopsies - bayar da shawarar cewa nauyin kwakwalwa na kwakwalwa a cikin maza ba tare da cutar kwakwalwa ba shine ƙirar 1336 da nauyin kwakwalwar kwakwalwa a cikin mata ba tare da ciwon kwakwalwa ba shine 1198 grams. Masu bincike sun gano cewa, a matsakaici, nauyin kwakwalwa na mutum ya ragu da 2.7 grams a kowace shekara kuma nauyin kwakwalwa na mata ya ragu da kimanin 2.2 grams kowace shekara. A wasu kalmomi, ƙwaƙwalwarka tana kara haske a kan lokaci.
Ɗaya daga cikin yanayin jiki wanda ke yin aiki mara kyau a kan nauyin kwaya shine kiba. Kiba shi ne annoba a Amurka kuma tasowa rates suna rage rashin amincewa da muhimmancin ƙididdigar ƙimar jiki. Wasu magunguna suna nuna gashin kayan jiki kamar nauyin nauyin jiki - yana bayyana dangantaka ta kai tsaye da daidaituwa.
Dokta Patricia Allenby, masanin ilimin likita, da kuma darekta na hidima na autopsy a Jami'ar Jihar Ohio sun nuna kuskuren wannan lissafin. "Sassan jikinku bazai kara nauyi ba kamar yadda nauyin jikin ku yake. Idan jikin mutum yana da ninki biyu, jikin ba zai ninka nauyi ba. "
Ƙin cutar
Ya kamata ya zama ba mamaki ba cewa sakamakon cututtuka ko cututtuka akan nauyin kwayar halitta yana da matukar haɓaka da kuma hadaddun. Wasu cututtuka suna haifar da kwayoyin da za su gwada ƙari da wasu cututtuka saboda sabbin kwayoyi suyi ƙasa da ƙasa.
Yin amfani da barasa na yau da kullum yana haɗuwa da girman girman zuciya (cardiomegaly) da kuma karuwar hawan hanta (hepatomegaly). Amma, ƙarshe, nauyin hanta na mutanen da ke dogara da barasa na iya ragewa tare da ci gaba da cirrhosis. Tare da cirrhosis, an maye gurbin nama mai laushi ta hanyar tsabta.
A cikin takarda 2016 da aka buga a Diabetologia , Campbell-Thompson da masu marubuta sun nuna cewa mutane masu fama da ciwon sukari iri daya suna fama da ƙananan raguwa a cikin nauyin ƙwayar cuta wanda aka bayyana a farkon cutar. Mutanen da ke dauke da ciwon sukari iri biyu, duk da haka, ba su da karuwar yawan nauyin haɗari.
A wasu kalmomi, sakamakon wannan nazarin ya nuna cewa raguwa cikin mutane masu ciwon sukari iri daya "raguwa," kuma za'a iya kiyaye wannan shrinkage lokacin da aka fara gano mutum da ciwon sukari na iri 1 (yawanci a lokacin yaro ko yaro).
Amma ga kwakwalwa, cututtukan ƙwayar cuta - gani a yanayin irin su fashewa da lalata - yana haifar da rage ƙwayar kwakwalwa.
Kammalawa
Akwai sauran abubuwa masu yawa da za su koyi game da nauyin kwayoyin. Zuba jari a cikin wannan bincike yana da muhimmanci saboda girman da nauyin gabobin shine abubuwan da aka yi amfani dasu a lokacin autopsy don sanin yanayin kiwon lafiya da kuma mutuwar. A halin yanzu, dabi'un da aka yi amfani da shi don ma'aunin kwayoyin halitta ba su dogara ne akan shaidun shaida ba kuma ba duniya bane.
"Al'amarin bishiyoyi na taimaka mana mu gano idan akwai wani abu mai mahimmanci," in ji Allenby, "kuma yawancin cututtuka suna da alaka da canje-canje mai yawa - musamman ma a zuciya. Nauyin kwaya yana taimaka mana mu tabbatar ko inganta halayen da suke da shi ... Yana taimakawa da ganewar asali. "
Idan ana sa ido, hanyoyi masu ban sha'awa, kamar MRI da CT, na iya tabbatar da amfani wajen ƙayyade kayan nauyi na jiki ba tare da buƙata don autopsy ba. A cikin wata kasida da aka buga a Radiology Radio , Jackowski da mawallafa sun gano cewa za a iya kiyasta nauyin hanta da ƙwararru ta yin amfani da bayanan bayanan bayanai da ƙididdigar girma.
A gaskiya ma, masu bincike sun bada shawara cewa irin wannan hoton zai iya zama cikakke fiye da autopsy a kan ƙayyade hanta da kuma auna nauyi a yanayin saukowa (girgiza) tun da ba a canza canjin jini a cikin hoto ba. Har ila yau, sun yi la'akari da alkawarin da aka yi amfani da CT domin sanin nauyin kaya - CT ba ta da tsada da sauƙin amfani fiye da MRI, da kuma sanya gas da kuma ƙaddamar da iska mai amfani da MRI. Jirgin iska yana dauke da iska da aka kama a cikin jini na tsarin sigina.
> Sources:
> Campbell-Thompson ML et al. Hanyoyin da ke ciki na 1 Ciwon sukari akan Weight Pancreatic. Diabetologia. 2016; 59: 217-221.
> Grandmaison GL, Clairand I, da Durigon M. Organ Gida a cikin 684 Adult Autopsies: Sabbin Tables na Caucasoid Yawan. Sanarwar Kimiyya ta Duniya. 2001; 119: 149-154.
> Tattaunawa tare da Patricia Allenby, MD, ranar 10/14/2016.
> Hira da Bradford Hsu, MD, ranar 10/16/2016.
> Jackowski C et al. Ƙididdigar nauyin nau'i na nau'in Gwargwadon Gwargwado ta Tsarin Maɗaukaki Tsarin Maɗaukaki da Maɗaukaki wanda aka ƙaddara Tomography. Radiology bincike. 2006; 41: 572-578.
> Katch V et al. Taimakon ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar jiki da kuma nauyin da ke cikin jiki mai yawa cikin mata. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 1980; 53: 93-100.
> Wong JLC, Arango-Viana JC, da Squires T. Zuciya, Hiki da Splen Pathology a Bikin Gari da Magunguna. Littafin Labaran Lafiya da Dokokin Lafiya. 2008; 15: 141-147.