ASL bincike
Harshen Harshen Amfani na Amirka (ASL) bazai da daraja da yake yi a yau, idan ba don aikin William C. Stokoe, Jr. (1919-2000) ba.
Harshen Hanya Kafin Stokoe
Kafin Stokoe ya fara aikinsa, ba a ganin harshen yaren alama a matsayin ainihin harshe. Maimakon haka, an gan shi a matsayin tarin hankalin ma'ana ko motsa jiki. Wannan ra'ayi yana hana harshe alama daga samun girmamawa da kuma kasancewa a cikin ilimin yara yara.
(Abin mamaki, littafin Deaf Heritage ya nuna cewa Stokoe kansa ba ya shiga saiti a lokacin). Rashin girmama harshen harshe yana ƙayyade amfani da shi a wannan lokacin. Stokoe kansa ya kiyasta cewa adadin mutanen Amurka da na Canada na ASL kawai mutane 200,000 ne kawai zuwa 400,000.
Stokoe ya isa Kwalejin Gallaudet
A 1955, Stokoe, wanda ke da digiri da kuma Ph.D. digiri a Turanci, ya isa Gallaudet College (Jami'ar yanzu) don zama shugaban Ingila. Ya zama mai sha'awar ASL kuma ya fara tabbatar da cewa ainihin harshe ne. A 1957, Stokoe da mataimakansa biyu (Carl Croneberg da Dorothy Casterline) sun fara yin fim da mutane ta amfani da harshen alamar. Yin nazarin harshen alamar fim, Stokoe da abokansa sun gano abubuwa na ainihin harshen da ake amfani dashi. An wallafa sakamakon binciken su a shekara ta 1960 a cikin takardun bincike, "Tsarin Harshe."
Stokoe ci gaba da bincike
Sakamakon binciken harshe na ci gaba, kuma a 1965, ƙungiyar ta buga littafin A Dictionary of American Sign Language on Principles Language .
Kodayake Tsarin Harshe ya fito ne da farko, ƙamus shine littafin da ya kula da mutane da kuma haifar da sha'awar ilimin harshe na ASL.
Stokoe's Point of View
Sanarwar Stokoe mai sauki. Ya ce ASL yana da asali ne da harshe na halitta. Hanyar 'yan asalin ita ce harshen farko da aka koya (ga yaran da aka haifa a cikin yanayin da ke goyon bayan harshen alamar).
Hanyar na nufin cewa yana amfani da harshe kowace rana. Tasirin Stokoe ya nuna cewa harshen alamar harshe ne, kuma a yau ana gane ASL a matsayin harshen. Wannan ya haifar da karuwa a amfani da shi.
Stokoe's Research da Publishing Career
A 1971, Stokoe ya kafa Laboratory Research Laboratory a Gallaudet. A shekara ta 1972, ya kafa harshe na harshe na kasa da kasa na Labarun Harshe, wadda Gallaudet University Press ta buga a yau. Ya kuma mallaki Linstok Press, wanda ya buga littattafai akan harshen alamar.
Girmama Stokoe
A cikin 1980, Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru ta Ƙarshe (NAD) ta wallafa Harshen Harshe da Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙasar: Mahimmanci a Karrama William C. Stokoe . NAD kuma ta kafa asusun tallafi na William C. Stokoe don ƙarfafa bincike na harshe. Harshen Harshen Harshe ya girmama Stokoe tare da Nazarin Harshen Hanya 1.4, Summer 2001, Stokoe wanda ya sake dubawa biyar da rubutun da Stokoe ya wallafa, ciki har da: "Nazarin da Amfani da Harshe Harshe," da "Harshe Harshe da Harshen Magana." Har ila yau, Stokoe dan Farfesa Emeritus ne a Jami'ar Gallaudet. Kuma a shekara ta 1988, ya sami digiri mai daraja daga Gallaudet.
Littattafai Da kuma Game da Stokoe
Littafin karshe na Stokoe yayi aiki shi ne Harshe a Hand: Me ya sa aka zo da shi kafin jawabin da Gallaudet University Press ya wallafa a baya.
A cikin wannan littafi, Stokoe ya nuna cewa magana bai zama dole ga harshe ba. Wani Gallaudet University Press littafin, Ganin Harshe a Alamar: Ayyukan William C. Stokoe wani bidiyon ne da ke bayyane bayanin dangantaka da jarrabawa tare da masu gudanarwa a Gallaudet.
Sources:
> Gannon, Jack R. >, Deaf > Tarihi, Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru ta Ƙarshe, 1981. shafi na 365-367.
> William C. Stokoe, > shafi > a kan shafin yanar gizon Gallaudet.