Cututtuka na Autoimmune 101
Tsarinka na rigakafi yana kare lafiyar jikinka daga kasashen Jamus da sauran abubuwa. Ta hanyar matakai masu rikitarwa, da matakan jituwa, tsarin rigakafi yana ganowa kuma yana kare ka - ko da yake yana gano da kuma lalata, abin da ba kai bane.
Don yin aikinsa, tsarin rigakafi dole ne ya fahimci bambanci tsakanin wani abu na waje ko kwayoyin, wanda ake kira antigen , da kuma jikin da jikin jikinka, wanda ake kira self-antigens.
Kullum a aiki, tsarinka na rigakafi yana ciyar da rayuwarka ta yin bincike, samfurin, tunawa, da kuma lalata antigens wanda ya la'akari da lalacewa ga kai.
T- da B-Cells
Akwai nau'o'i daban-daban nau'in jini dauke da jini wanda ke cikin kare jikinka daga cutar ko cuta. Idan kuna da lafiya, likitanku na iya tsammanin wani kamuwa da cuta, kuma ku umurci kwamitin jini don ganin idan jikin ku ya kunshi amsawar ba tare da amsawa ba, ƙara yawan yawan kwayar jini da ke cikin jikinku.
Wasu daga cikin wadannan nau'in jini sune lymphocytes. Nau'i biyu na lymphocytes sune kwayoyin T da B-sassan . Yayinda waɗannan su ne lymphocytes - suna da ayyuka daban-daban.
T-sassan T suna gano pathogens, ko antigens, suna hawa a saman jikin ku. Lokacin da kwayar cutar ta kamu da shi, zai haifar da amsawar sinadaran da aka dauka a jikinta ta hanyar kwayoyin da ake kira babban tarihin tarihi (MHC) . Da zarar sunadarin sunadarai ya fara fitowa, sai an ba da sanarwar T-cell din a gaban antigen.
Kowace T-cell yana da adadi mai yawa na kwayoyin masu karɓa a kan fuskarta, da ake kira mai karɓar T-cell, wanda ke aiki don ganowa da kuma tag lambar kwayar cutar.
Tare da taimakon T-cell, B-sassan suna da alhakin ƙirƙirar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da suke ɗaure ga antigen kuma suna nuna shi don hallaka ta hanyar rigakafi.
Sauran nau'i biyu na jini fararen jini sune macrophages da neutrophils .
Macrophages da Neutrophils
Jigilar kwayoyin germs da microorganisms sun shiga jiki a wurare daban-daban. Lokacin da suke yin haka, wasu manyan masu cin abinci sukan hadu da su, a zahiri. Tsarin Macrophages kewaye, sha, da kuma ci antigens da kuma tarkace-da-gidanka wadanda ba su ɗauke alamar (da sunadarai) na kwayoyin lafiya. Macrophages kewaya cikin jini da jikin jikin. Sauran ƙwayoyin jinin fararen jini sune neutrophils, wanda ke zagaye cikin jini, amma ba a cikin kyallen takalma ba, yin aiki irin wannan.
Wata hanyar kai hari da macrophages da neutrophils suke amfani da shi shine maganin kwayoyi masu guba don lalata ko kashe ƙananan microorganisms. Da ake kira haɗarin oxygen kwayoyin tsaka-tsakin , waɗannan sunadarai suna da haɗari ga abin da ke kewaye da su idan an samar da yawa don dogon lokaci.
Wani cututtukan fata wanda ake kira "Granulomatosis" na Wegener shine yanayin da ya fi dacewa da tsakaran tsaka-tsaki da macrophages. Cigaba mai guba da ake nufi don maganin antigens lalacewar jinin lafiya a maimakon. Tare da cututtuka na rheumatoid, jini mai tsabta, da wadannan kwayoyin da suka dace, yi ƙaura zuwa ga gidajen wuta, haifar da ƙonewa da ke haifar da busawa, zafi, da haɗin haɗin gwiwa hade da RA.
MHC da ƙananan kwakwalwa
A sama, munyi magana game da aikin kwayoyin da ke dauke da kwayoyin MHC zuwa farfajiyar kwayar cutar. Wadannan kwayoyin sun hada da kwayoyin halitta tare da gutsutsurer cutar, ko antigen, wanda ya mamaye tantanin halitta.
Kamar sautin ja, mai amsa MHC yana sigina ƙwayoyin T don amsawa. Sadarwa yana farawa ne lokacin da tantanin halitta na antigen ya nuna gaban antigen, kuma na biyu lokacin da aka aiko siginar daga kwayar cutar zuwa mai karɓa na daidai akan T-cell. Kwayoyin kwayoyin halitta akan kamuwa da kwayar cutar, da T-cell mai amsawa wanda ke rikitar da amsawa ba tare da amsawa ba ana kiran su kwayoyin co-stimulatory.
Kyakkyawan kira da amsawar kwayoyin co-stimulatory kwayoyin, lokacin aiki daidai, karanta kowane tantanin halitta don aiki don halakar da antigen. Abinda ke hulɗar waɗannan kwayoyin halitta shine binciken bincike mai zurfi domin nazarin yadda ake sarrafawa, ko dakatarwa, ba tare da haɗuwa da haɗuwa ba lokacin da sassan jikinka masu kyau da kyakoki suke kuskuren antigens.
Cytokines da Chemokines
Bayan haɗuwa da kwayoyin co-stimulatory kwayoyin, ƙwayoyin T za su iya ɓoye sunadaran da ake kira cytokines da chemokines. Kowace waɗannan mahadi suna da nauyin aiki na daban.
Cytokines ba su kare sunadaran da zasu iya kira kewaye da kwayoyin halitta don yin aiki, kuma suna aiki a cikin kwayoyin da ba a rigakafi ba. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai na wannan shine thickening fata da ke faruwa tare da m autoimmune cuta scleroderma.
Wani irin cytokine, chemokines suna ja hankalin ƙarin Kwayoyin tsarin na rigakafi, lokuta don samar da amsa mai kumburi bayan rauni, ko tare da kamuwa da cuta. Yawancin abu mai kyau yana lalacewa duk da haka. Girman kariyar chemokin a RA, alal misali, sakamakon ciwo da lalacewa a cikin tasoshin a matsayin macrophages da neutrophils sun amsa kuskuren kuskure.
Antibodies
Sakamakon B-kwayoyin halitta, bindigogi sun yalwata antigens na kasashen waje kuma suna taimakawa wajen hallaka su. T-kwayoyin T suna hulɗa tare da ƙwayoyin B ta hanyar cytokines. Bayan samun umarni ta hanyar T-cell, ƙwayoyin B za su iya ƙirƙirar wani ƙananan kwayoyin da ake buƙata don magance magungunan cuta, ko magungunan, antigen.
Autoantibodies
Matsalolin da ke faruwa a lokacin da tsarin da ba a rigakafi ya ɓatar da kwayoyin kama-karya-maganin rigakafi a kan kai. Wannan matsalar matsala ta cututtukan cututtuka na kamfanoni na nufin cewa tsarin rigakafi yana ɓoye jikin kai-antigens-jikinka, kyallen takalma, da kuma gabobin jiki - a matsayin ƙungiyoyin waje.
Ga wadanda ke fama da rashin lafiyar kwayar cutar, ƙwayoyin myasthenia, halayyar ƙwayar tsoka na cutar ta haifar da kwayoyin halitta wanda ke da alaka da ƙwayoyin jijiyoyin da ke da alhakin motsa jiki.
Ƙungiyoyi marasa daidaituwa da Ƙarin Haɗin
Magunguna da samfurori B suka samar sun danganta ga wasu antigens. Wannan aiki mai laushi ana kiransa mai layi. Anan kuma-da yawa daga cikin abu mai kyau yana lalata jikin mutum.
Lokacin da jikin ya kasa magance kwayoyin jikinsu da ƙwayoyin cuta, wannan amsawar mai ciwon kumburi zai iya toshe jini a tasoshin cikin jiki, lalata nama da gabobin. Lalacin koda yana haifar da wani sakamako mai mahimmanci ga wadanda ke fama da lupus.
A cikin amsawa na gaggawa, jiki yana samar da kwayoyin halitta wanda ke samar da tsari mai dacewa . Tsarin tsari ya yadu da gyaran kwaikwayo, da kuma tantanin tantanin halitta don magance ƙwayoyin cuta, aiki don sa su soluble da kuma fadi lokacin da ba'a buƙata. Wannan yana aiki ne don kauce wa cutar lalacewa da cututtuka da wadanda ke fama da cututtuka.
Ba da daɗewa ba, mutum ya gaji dabi'un da za su hana aiki na yau da kullum na kwayoyin da suka dace. Wannan cuta ba cutar ba ne, amma sau da yawa yana nuna lalacewa da wadanda aka gano tare da lupus.
Kayan Halitta
Yayin da muka yi magana game da baya, zane-zanen ku na iya haifar da ku ga ci gaba da rashin lafiyar mutum. Jinsinku shine tsarin zane na sassan jikinku, da kuma aikinku. Hakanan ka'idodi iri ɗaya ne wadanda suka karbi T-cell receptors, irin nau'ikan kwayoyin MHC da sauran siffofi na amsawarku. Amma jinsin kadai bazai ƙayyade ci gabanka ba. Wasu mutanen da ke dauke da nau'in kwayoyin MHC masu dauke da kwayoyin halitta ba su taba haifar da rashin lafiya ba.
Rikici, da kuma aiki, tsarin da ke cikin rigakafi yana aiki don kare lafiyarka. Yana da sauƙi a ga yadda rashin aiki a kowane mataki na amsawa ba zai iya haifar da wata matsala ba, da cutar lalacewa ta rashin lafiya.