Ranar 15 ga watan Maris, 1917, a wani gida mai hawan gwal a Clifton Springs, New York, mutane shida sun sadu da su don gano Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Jama'a don Gyara Harkokin Kasuwancin. Amfani da ayyukan da aka yi a cikin farkon karni, amma wannan taro an dauke shine kafa sabon sana'a.
A yau, aikin farfadowa ya shafi duniya.
A Amurka kadai, yana amfani da kimanin mutane 140,000 kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan da ke da sauri a Amirka.
Wadanda suka kafa sun hada da likita, sakatare, malami, ma'aikacin zamantakewar al'umma da kuma gine-gine biyu. Kowace ya yi imanin cewa kulawa da asibitoci ba shi da kyau. Sun yi imanin cewa yin amfani da ayyukan don kasancewa a lokacin marasa lafiya yana da damar inganta tsarin warkarwa.
Ka lura cewa shekara ta kafa daidai da Amurka ta shiga yakin duniya na, wanda zai gabatar da sababbin bukatun da dama don wannan sana'a. Har ila yau, lura cewa uku daga cikin shida da aka kafa su mata ne - wata ma'ana mai la'akari da cewa zai zama shekaru uku kafin Amurka ta amince da hakkin mace na yin zabe.
George Edward Barton: Masanin Tarihi da Tashin Tuka
George Barton, tare da William Rush Dunton Jr., shine wanda ya kafa mazabun. Shi da Dunton sun ba da gayyata ga sauran mambobi hudu.
Barton shi ne masanin, wanda a lokacin da ya tsufa ya sha wahala daga tarin fuka da kuma hagu na gefen hagu. Daga bisani, ya shafe lokaci a cikin sanarwa kuma an shafe ta da yanayin.
Duk da yake a sanatorium, ya ci gaba da sha'awar yin amfani da sana'a don inganta yanayin kulawa da kulawa.
Ya yi rantsuwa cewa ya kashe tsawon rayuwarsa "mai kula da lafiyar marasa lafiya da marasa lafiya." Ya kafa Consolation House, wani samfurin farko na cibiyar gyarawa, inda ya yi aikin farfadowa.
Dr. William Rush Dunton, Jr.'s: The Psychiatrist
Dunton wani likita ne wanda ya zama shugaban farko na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don inganta Harkokin Kasuwancin. Ya yi aiki a makarantar likitancin John Hopkins da likita a Sheppard mafaka.
Dunton ya yi amfani da ayyukansa tare da abokansa kuma ya ga yiwuwar aikin. A lokacin aikinsa, ya rubuta game da sana'a, ya rubuta fiye da littattafai 120 da kuma abubuwan da suka danganci sana'a. Babban ayyuka sun haɗa da ka'idoji na Farfesa (1918), Reconstruction Far (1919), da kuma bayanin Farfesa na Farfesa (1928).
Susan Cox Johnson: Malam
Susan Johnson ta horar da malami kuma ta fara aiki ta koyar da sana'a da sana'a a Berkley, California. Daga nan sai ta tafi Filipinas don wani ɗan gajeren aikin koyarwa. Ta koma Amurka a 1912 kuma ta sami aiki a matsayin Darakta na Kwalejin Cibiyoyin na Sashen Harkokin Jakadancin Jihar New York.
Susan ta ci gaba da koyar da aikin jinya a ma'aikatar kula da jinya a Columbia da shirya da kuma jagorantar sashen aikin likita a Montefiore Home da kuma asibitin. Har ila yau, ta rubuta takardu da dama game da aikin likita na zamani .
Thomas Bessell Kidner: Mai Saurin Architect
Thomas Kidner ya zama shugaban} asa na {ungiyar Jama'a don inganta Harkokin Jakadancin daga 1923-1928. Ya zauna a Kanada kuma shine Sakatare na Sakatare na asibitoci na Kanada. Kidner an ƙididdige shi tare da inganta tsarin da aiki na jama'a, ta hanyar ƙirƙirar rajista na ƙasa da kuma kafa ka'idoji don ilimin likita.
Isabel Barton ya ce wannan game da Kidner, "Ya kasance hali mai ban sha'awa, haka Birtaniya ne, har ma da yin ado da gashin gashinsa, gilasai mai laushi, ƙugila na reshe, da ƙulla. Ya cike da ƙwarewa kuma shi da Mr. Barton sunyi juna da juna a matsayin masu sulhu. "
Isabel G. Newton: Sakataren
A 1916, Isabel ta aiki a matsayin mai kula da littattafai a cikin kantin karewa da tsire-tsire, lokacin da ta sami waya daga George Barton don tabbatar da sha'awar zama sakataren Consolation House. Sun ci gaba da aure. Isabel ya yi aiki tare da shi koyar da aikin ga mazauna Consolation House, har lokacin da Barton ya mutu a shekara ta 1923. A shekara ta 1968, ta rubuta wata kasida ta The American Journal of Professional Interview - "Consolation House, shekaru 50 da suka wuce" - wanda ya rubuta abubuwan tunawa da kowanne na masu kafa.
Eleanor Clarke Slagle: The Social Worker
Eleanor Clarke Slagle yana gudanar da tarurruka a zamantakewar zamantakewa (ciki har da laccoci daga Jane Adams) a lokacin 1911, ta kammala karatun Curative occupation and Recreation a Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ta zama darekta na sashen kula da harkokin aikin likita a John Hopkins, a Boston, karkashin Adolf Meyer, wani magoya bayan farkon aikin motsa jiki.
Ta koma Chicago a 1915 kuma ya kafa Makarantar Koyarwar Henry B. Favill kuma ya jagoranci makarantar tun daga 1915 zuwa 1920. Daga can, ta koma New York don zama daraktan aikin likita don Ma'aikatar Harkokin Mental Mota na New York. .
An zaba Eleanor mataimakin shugaban kamfanin na Promotion of Physical Far a 1917, sa'an nan kuma ya ci gaba da aiki a kowane ofisoshin dake tsakanin 1917 da 1937.
Slagle an dauke uwar uwa. Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Kasuwancin Amirka ta kowace shekara ta haɗu da Eleanor Clarke Slagle Lecture a matsayinta. Ba a san abin da ya samu ba a lokacin aikinta: Eleanor Roosevelt ya yi magana a lokacin bukinta.